Article #5 Joy in School by Steven Wolk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article #5 Joy in School by Steven Wolk - Essay Example Thinking of new things gives an understudy feeling of significance. They become enabled and allowed to encounter how requesting development is (Wolk, 2010). Educators ought to give space in school and show students’ unique work. They can choose to put photos of understudies against their work. An understudy concocts thoughts and educators help to structure and create them. School space ought to be inviting and vivacious. They give a sentiment of opportunity to learn than fatigue and inflexibility (Wolk, 2010). Understudies ought to have free territories where they can peruse from and examine. They ought to be bright to set in a dynamic and euphoric sight. Understudies ought to be permitted to invest some energy outside and associate with nature. Going for break and having open air classes set them feeling joyful. Perusing of great books like story books offers delight to understudies since they are not very genuine books. Expressions and exercise center classes ought to be considered as important as different classes. Understudies have various abilities, which must be acknowledged whether given an opportunity. Evaluation in school ought to be made all the more well disposed understanding (Wolk, 2010). Understudies ought to be assisted with discovering that disappointment is a piece of

Forces Keeping Romeo And Juliet Apart in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet are frantically infatuated with one another and will go to any lengths to be together. To help my proposition that the contention between the leaders of the Montague and Capulet families are answerable for Romeo and Juliet's passing, I quote from Romeo and Juliet (V, iii, 291-293) Prince: "... Capulet! Montague! It's obvious, what a scourge is laid upon your abhor, that paradise discovers intends to murder your delights with adoration! The Prince is stating that, see what repulsive discipline has been laid upon your contempt. Paradise finds motivation to execute your delights with their love!" There are numerous powers in the deplorable play of Romeo and Juliet that are keeping the two youthful, energetic darlings separated, all exuding from one primary explanation. In this article I will talk about these just as how love, at long last, may have been the reason that prompted the sad passings of Romeo and Juliet. Their solid fascination in one another, which some call destiny, figures out where their taboo love will take them. The main power, as I would see it, that prompted Romeo and Juliet's passing is the contention between the two dads, Capulet and Montague. This is a direct result of this contention that Romeo and Juliet feel they should conceal their affection which, at long last, is the reason for their demises. On account of this contention, showdowns happened and affronts were tossed. Scorn is reproduced which is clear when Tybalt, who is Lady Capulet's nephew, joins the battle against the Montague family. Tybalt despises Romeo and doesn't spare a moment to leave it alone known. The following power is contempt and it is broad and typical in this play, it once in a while appears to be fundamental for others to join the battle so as to depict devotion for a specific individual. Romeo needed the battling to end so he could report his adoration and union with Juliet so he was unsettled when his closest companion, Mercuto, chose to stand up for him against Tybalt. In franticness, Romeo intercedes between the two, which thus breaks Mercuto's fixation and permits Tybalt to wound him. Like any old buddy, Romeo presently needs to challenge this passing and battle Tybalt. Romeo executes Tybalt, which at last prompts his expulsion. Romeo went through one night of energy with Juliet before going into "hiding" in the wake of murdering Tybalt. He decided to cover up in the Mantua wide open where no one would remember him.

Finding Your University Essay Sample

Finding Your University Essay SampleUniversity essays can be tricky, especially if you're the type of student who writes a lot of them. However, it is no longer difficult to find good university essay samples online as people are turning to the internet for easy and inexpensive ways to do their assignments.Just because a university essay sample is available for free on the internet does not mean that you cannot do it yourself. If you have the necessary writing skills, you can write a good essay. In fact, some people with no writing skills can finish a simple topic like their university admission essay, because they have already taken the first step.One way to do this is to get your professors to give you tips on how to write your own essays. Many professors are well versed in writing, so they will usually want to help you out with a good, step-by-step guide on writing a college essay. This is a really good idea, since it allows you to use their own experience with writing as a basis to write a superior essay.Getting your professors to write for you can often be done through email, simply giving them the basic idea of what you want to say. For example, if you want to talk about your experiences as a student, make sure you give your professor the name of a good book about your experiences. You can even get them to help you come up with your essay by asking questions to see if they can tell you anything about writing an essay.While there are many websites available that offer very good quality essays, not all websites provide college writing samples. Therefore, it is important to find websites that offer real workable, usable samples, so that you can find examples that you can use to prepare your own essay.While most university essay samples will be similar, sometimes you will find slight differences. However, if you find a website that offers lots of different kinds of essays, then chances are that you will find samples that will work well for you. There is nothi ng wrong with looking around, and if you have trouble finding some examples, you can always visit the website to look over some samples.When you search for university essay samples, you may have trouble finding the ones that you really want. In order to avoid having to wade through thousands of sites, there are other ways that you can look for these resources. One is to visit your professor's office hours, since they usually have their office hours open to the public.If you are able to make time to visit your professors' office hours, then this is a great place to go to because you will be able to find lots of sample essays on hand to work with. If you cannot make it to your professor's office hours, there are other places that you can look for the research papers, dissertations, and thesis that you need to help you get started on your research paper or dissertation. It is still best to get these papers in an electronic format, so that you are able to get started on your essay writi ng very quickly.

Dying to be Beautiful The Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

An extremely amount of people around the world do not feel comfortable with the face that they were born with and feel uncomfortable to show it. They believe they are ugliest people in the world and they feel like that whatever the people say is the truth. They believe that they have no other escape but to go in for cosmetic surgery. An enormous amount of men and woman go in for cosmetic surgery to make them look younger or fix a part of their face that they are unsatisfied with or they want to reshape something that to them is a disorder. They go into surgery without knowing the consequences they are going in for and they face high chances of never seeing their original face never again. Certain celebrity and model’s career have†¦show more content†¦All that enormous amount of money she spent on her surgeries, could have gone towards the poor ad to people that need that help or even give that money to the people that need the face surgeries just to live. The process of going in for cosmetic surgery is tiresome and expensive. If you just want to go in for a lip injection, the total will be around $499 and if you want a face-lift, it would range from $4000-$7000. It is an incredulously amount of money that person will be paying for plastic surgery and they do not even know if the surgery will be successful. All that money they will spend for the surgery can be used for something even better other than plastic surgery. A counterargument from healthy beauty states, â€Å"cosmetic surgery won’t change your life. It won’t solve personal problems or make you look like someone else. But it may give you greater self confidence and add to your sense of well-being†. Yes, to some people cosmetic surgery can give them confidence but to others, it will leave them unsatisfied and wanting even more surgery until their face is completely different and barely even recognize themselves. Other people have had some successful surgeries and loo k even better than before but to others, have had unsuccessful surgeries and they try to go back to fix it and it just becomes worse and at the end, the face that you always wanted, became the nightmare that you never wanted to have in the first placee. Cosmetic surgery isShow MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead MoreHuman Self Conscious Is A Serious Problem959 Words   |  4 PagesShenise researched surgery options where she found a clinic in Panama and took the decision of getting color implants, however it was nothing enjoyable after 8 days who had the color implants removed for the reason that she wasn t able to see and was in severe pain. Unfortunately, she spent 8 thousand dollars plus a 3,500 deposit. She claims that it is not worth losing your vision just for a little change in yourself nor the painful procedures that people face during cosmetic surgeries. This is one exampleRead MoreThe Effects of Cosmetic Surgery1593 Words   |  7 Pagesplanning to have a cosmetic procedure? There are many things that a person considering having a procedure should know. Cosmetic surgery has been practiced for many years however, it is dangerous and many people face addiction. Before having a cosmetic procedure it is importan t to know all the facts. Cosmetic surgery being so popular, many people are not aware that there are two types of plastic surgery: Cosmetic plastic surgery and Reconstructive plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is the improvementRead MoreThe Beauty Standard Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesone that millions of women strive to look like in hopes that they will be seen as beautiful, successful, and ultimately happy. This standard of beauty is one that is enforced on women every second of every day and that threatens a woman’s body, but it is one that women can resist if they so choose to. Everywhere a woman looks she is faced with an expectation of what she must look like to be considered beautiful. One of the biggest contributors to the enforcement of this ideal is the media. Read MoreSelf Improvement Is Achieved Through Cosmetic Surgery1641 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia has led many women in America to believe self-improvement is achieved through cosmetic surgery. Every year thousands of women go under the knife to make themselves the picture perfect American. As years go by, the amount of people getting plastic is steadily increasing. In the year 2007 there were approximately 12 million cosmetic surgeries performed in the United States alone. The number of people receiving surgery increased 59% since 2000 (Markey, Charolette, and Patrick Markey, 5). Media influencesRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Should Be Limited1299 Words   |  6 PagesDying to be Beautiful Is life or image more valuable? In 2012, 14.6 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States (14.6 Million Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Procedures Performed in 2012). There are people who lose their lives each and every day just because they are not happy with the way they look. Patients who desire a change in appearance go to a cosmetic surgeon where countless numbers of mishaps could happen and doRead MoreEssay on History of Cosmetic Surgery1655 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Cosmetic/Plastic Surgery COM150 Plastic surgery is a medical specialty dealing with on the correction or restoring of external damage to the body. The word plastic comes from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape (Answers, 2010). Cosmetic surgery involves techniques to enhance the appearance through surgical and medical techniques. I will also investigate the most popular surgery procedures of the last couple years. Do you wonder how this type of surgery went fromRead MoreThe Ugly Truth of Plastic Surgery Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic surgery is becoming a trend world-wide because humans can never be fully satisfied in terms of looks. There is always something that people critique about themselves physically. People are so caught up in the hype of achieving physical perfection that they deviate from acknowledging the fact that plastic surgery has negative effects on self-esteem, long-term effects on health, wastes money, and can be life-threatening. Today’s society has brainwashed men and women into believing that inRead MoreCosmetic Surgery And Its Effects On People And Their Lives2046 Words   |  9 PagesTHE DEVIL IN COSMETIC SURGERY Nowadays, the physical beauty has been considered like a scale to evaluate and measure people, especially women. Everyone wants to have a perfect body as well as a beautiful face to attract the others. Some people try to get their beauty through makeup, exercise or diet, but some try to fix their appearance by the intervention of cosmetic surgeons. Thus, cosmetic surgery somehow has become the most popular procedure for people to improve their beauty. There is no doubtRead MorePlastic : The Body Image1765 Words   |  8 Pagessociety, more women are searching for a â€Å"quick fix† to put an end to their insecurities. Cosmetic plastic surgery is a quick solution to solve body image issues like small breast, wrinkled skin, and even a nose that is too pointy. Plastic illustrates a scenario where a woman changes her body’s appearance to imitate her idea of beauty. Women are drawn to the fairy tale idea that cosmetic surgery and plastic surgery will enhance their features overnight. Plastic gives a simple solution to the familiar

Essay on Case Study #2 - 1617 Words

Case study # 2: The apple of your â€Å"I† This case study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company and has become the second largest public company in the world. It all started in the 1980s when Apple started producing home computers. This helped those who were full-time students and workers by also producing a particular computer, the Macintosh computer. However, in 1985 Steve Jobs lost against the Apple board, and because of the unfortunate negative outcome of the meeting, Steve found a positive outlook from the situation. He then founded another PC company called NeXT while Apple took a turn for the worst. In 1996 Apple reconnected with Steve and bought his NeXT Company and gained the technology that would later help†¦show more content†¦Steve Jobs played the founding role for Apple. The public liked these new gadgets because of their cool accessories and sleekness. The iPod could hold thousands of songs and came in many different colors and sizes, and the iPhone had a screen that would rotate when turned sideways and also had a full touch screen keyboard. He set the foundation for Apple to continue to build off of, with the IPhone, iPad and MacBook’s. Apple can continue to improve those products for a good long while. Steve Jobs made Apple a household name to where almost every person somehow uses some form of an Apple product Apple could respond to Steve Jobs death by encouraging that Apple will continue to remain the way Steve Jobs ran the company I have and will continue to Invest in Apple even without Steve Jobs. I also feel like Apple will continue to successful without Steve Jobs because Apple will still be using the same tactics as if Jobs was still alive, mainly because having an unbeatable product is part of the culture Jobs created in Apple. Apple may change a bit but Apple always seem to make every product almost irresistible, even if it really serves almost no purpose. Their products that they offer are very well manufactured and their customer servic e is top-notch too. Apple has amazing products and I believe they will continue to have them for a while. Q4. Microsoft took an early lead in the development of slate devices (like the iPad), and it the world’s leadingShow MoreRelatedCase Study 2 : Scotland6372 Words   |  26 Pages NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Business Management Extended Case Studies (Set 2) [INTERMEDIATE 2] [pic] The Scottish Qualifications Authority regularly reviews the arrangements for National Qualifications. Users of all NQ support materials, whether published by LT Scotland or others, are reminded that it is their responsibility to check that the support materials correspond to the requirements of the current arrangements. Read MoreBusiness Law Assignment 2 Case Study Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Law Assignment 2 Case Study Analysis Question (a) This case study of John and Dan manifests some legal issues which need a close analysis. The first legal aspect identifiable from this case is incorporating terms by a means of appending a signature on those terms. Secondly, the element of letting the buyer be aware is manifesting itself in this case through incorporation of notice in the terms of a contract. Additionally, any jury involved in this case may be interested in looking to theRead MoreUnit 2 Project Case Study Essay666 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Sergeant Robert Christopher Michael Woodruff Kaplan University CJ345 Supervisory Practices in Criminal Justice Professor Greg Ariza March 12, 2013 Case Study Sergeant Robert Christopher This report will be about a case study about Robert Christopher. He is a new supervisor on the night shift. He is having problems with the officer motivation and communication. This report will include information on how he can help to improve the officer’s motivation and the communication betweenRead MoreAssessment 2 Case Study Notes Essay2166 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Assessment 2 Case Study SOC 10007 Understanding the modern world Globalisation and Rationalisation Introduction The era of modernity, began and flourished in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. In every language, the meaning of ‘modern’ would mean up to date or contemporary. In sociology, it was referred to as the ‘Great transformation’, a term which reflects the enormous magnitude of change that took place (Polanyi, 1973). The main features of modernityRead MoreCase Study 21038 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study 2 Jasmine Howard Liberty University Case Study 2 Part I Kaiser Manufacturing Company has been in business for over 50 years using the standard method staffing. Hiring its own employees, training, managing and all human resources issues were all handled in house. The option is now arising to use an employment agency, FSS, to relieve the burden from Kaiser Manufacturing Company. It is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of this option before changing the entire businessRead MoreCase Study 21159 Words   |  5 PagesCASE STUDY 2 COMMUNITY GENERAL HOSPITAL I. INTRODUCTION Community General Hospital started in 1914 as Whittaker Memorial Hospital. A man by the name of Dr. Noland Wright was appointed as a manager at that time to review the hospital’s financial records. It turns out that Dr. Wright was trained only in the medical field not business. Unfortunately, he was the main cause for poor financial management at Community General Hospital.   By 1970, the hospital had suffered in major losses and debtsRead MoreCase Study 21267 Words   |  6 PagesCase  Study  2   Adapting  Store  Size  to  the  Type  of  Location   Submitted  By  :  Marie  Jo  Aguzar      87/100   Under  what  conditions  should  a  large  box  store  retailer  like  a  Best  Buy  Pursue  a   small ­store  strategy?         As  U.S.  chain  retailers  absorb  the  lessons  of  the  great  recession,  many  big ­box  chains   have  started  to  shrink  average  store  footprints  to  reflect  the  growing  importance  of   multi ­channel  shopping,  adapt  to  urban  settings  and  recognize  the  need  to  optimize   investment.  I  suspect  you  got  thRead MoreCase Study 21203 Words   |  5 PagesFLOW FROM FINANCING Decrease in long-term debt (12.9) Net cash flow from financing ($12.9) Net increase (decrease) in cash ($10.0) Beginning cash 37.2 Ending cash (calculated) $27.2 Actual ending cash (Check figure) $27.2 2. 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Most aspects of foreign culture, like language, religion, gender roles, and problem-solving strategies, are hard for the casual observer to understand. In what ways do Hollywood movies affect national culture outside the United States? What aspects of U.S. culture do Hollywood films promote around the world? Can you observe any positive effects of Hollywood movies on world cultures? 2. Culture plays a key role

Analysis Of Burning Love By Elizabeth Kolbert - 1390 Words

Fracking is the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into rock to force open ground and extract oil or gas. Fracking is becoming very popular due to the amount of money large companies make by doing so. However, in the article â€Å"Burning Love† by Elizabeth Kolbert, published in the New Yorker on December 5, 2011 she argues that although fracking has made individuals and businesses wealthy, it should be banned. In this essay, I will analyze Elizabeth Kolbert’s essay by identifying and detailing her purpose, goal, audience, and four rhetorical strategies used in this article. Elizabeth Kolbert’s essay was published in the New Yorker making the audience 57% democrat, with an average age from 30-49 and 50-64. Over half of the readers†¦show more content†¦Gaining trust from your audience is very crucial when presenting an argument. When the audience trusts the facts, you’re putting on the table it helps to convince them be on your side of th e argument. I believe Kolbert’s use of references to authority was a strong rhetorical strategy. She is gaining both creditability and trust with her audience in doing so. It is also a very important strategy when it comes to her argument specifically, considering the amount of fracking that is happening in the country and the amount of people unaware of the dangers it is causing. Kolbert’s next strong rhetorical strategy used was the use of a definition. The blackboard worksheet â€Å"Introduction to Rhetorical Strategy’s† says using a definition is, â€Å"when authors define certain words, these definitions are specifically formulated for the specific purpose he or she has in mind. In addition, these definitions are crafted uniquely for the intended audience† (Introduction to Rhetorical Strategies 2). Kolbert’s use of this strategy can be found in the middle of her article in paragraph 4, it reads, â€Å"Shale gas is embedded in dense ro ck, so drillers use a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals to open fissures in the stone through which it can escape† (Kolbert 532). She is defining the process of fracking before getting into different acts made to protect those affected by fracking. The

Reflective Report Analysis of Contemporary Nursing Practice

Question: Using a model of nursing reflection such as 5rs bain 2002 or Gibbs (1988) model of reflection write a reflection on a challenging experience that occurred while you were on clinical practicum? Answer: Introduction A clinical practicum provides practical training experience to the individuals pursuing careers in the medical fields like nursing and counseling. By participating in real situations, the individuals can get practical knowledge about handling the patients. The following reflective report is based on the personal challenges and experiences faced by a preoperative nurse while attending a clinical practicum session. The report is structured based on Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) (Ndukwe, 2011). Description According to Bolton (2010) this stage describes the challenges that the nurse faces during the clinical practicum. While my tenure in the clinical practicum I faced various challenges in different respects. In one of the incident, I was asked to administer a drug to a patient via injection. I had previously observed the mentor nurses and the doctors during my tenure in the practicum in administering injections. Hence, I knew the process. In this situation, the patient I was asked to give the injection was a 12-year-old child. The child was very apprehensive about the injection (Downing Kowal, 2011). My administration process was being monitored by my mentor and by a head nurse. When I was ready with my equipments to administer the injection the head nurse directed that it is not necessary to wipe the patients hands with alcohol for administering the injection. I however had previously seen the other nurses and the doctors using alcohol to avoid stinging sensations. The mentor doctor was busier over a phone call during the incident. The child on hearing the instruction of the nurse, panicked and this made the situation difficult for me to handle. Hence, consequently I was not able to administer the injection. The mentor finally took over the whole process. Feelings This stage of the report will focus on identifying of the feelings and emotions encountered by the trainee nurse during the practicum. Initially when I was confident when I was asked to administer the process that has already been observed by me. However as the case proceeded I became nervous thinking about the practicality of the scenario. My level of confidence reduced when the nurse instructed me in a different manner. When my past observations did not match the present scenario, I was confused about the implementation process (Zyblock, 2010). Furth more my I got emotional because the patient I was about to administer was a 12 year old child. I was unprepared to handle a delicate situation without correct participation from the mentor and the nurse. Finally, I panicked and became embarrassed in the context of my failure and handed over the situation to the mentor. The situation made me sad and reduced by overall confidence level. Evaluation This stage analyses the positive and the negative aspects of the challenging situation faced by the trainee nurse in the clinical practicum. On judging the experience, I can conclude that the major negative aspects are my lack of confidence in handling practical situations, lack of proper training in the practicum, instability at the time of handling pressures and faith on information and journals (Ussher Chalmers, 2011). However, every aspect has a negative as well as positive side. From the embarrassment faced in the situation, I would take up a positive plan of action in order to develop my practical skills and try to develop on my confidence levels. However, I feel that the authorities in the practicum are also responsible for the situation that I faced. The lack of proper guidance from the mentor at the precise moment and the conflicting practices undertaken by the different nurses of the practicum made my work difficult since I was confused about the right practice (Fawcett, 1 995). Analysis This stage of the Gibbs cycle helps the individual to analyze the situation and compare the situation with similar other situations. The situation made me realize that I am nervous in my approach and I require extensive practical trainings to reduce my nervousness. However, consultation with my fellow trainees assured me that other trainee nurses have also faced the same challenges during their first time administration of their practical tasks (Fraher, 2002). However, I analyzed a difference between their experience and mine. I felt lack of co-operation from the mentor and the head nurse in my situation. However, the other experience shows that the trainees are encouraged and are given proper instructions during the practical situations. They majorly fail due to nervousness and lack of confidence. (Norwood, 2010) However, in my situation I was confident about the success of the situation before the nurses gave the directions. Hence, my nervousness was a result of the wrong instructi on delivery on the part of the nurse. Conclusions From the analysis and the situation faced by me, I can conclude that the nurses and the doctors of the practicum were not abiding by the code of professional conduct. Since my educational grades depend on the success of my performance in the practicum, hence it is necessary on my part to enhance my knowledge and enhance my performance within the diverse culture of the practicum. Finally, I have assessed that with development of theoretical knowledge and constant practical assistance I will be able to gain more confidence and knowledge about the ongoing processes and will be successful in my future approaches (Anderson McFarlane, 2008). Action plan This stage of the cycle shows an action plan that the individual will develop in order to handle situation in the future prospective. Following the embarrassment, which I had to face, I decided to develop an action plan (Obegi Berant, 2010). I decided to study various nursing journals to improve my knowledge about the processes like injection so that in future I would have a firm faith on myself when required to administer similar processes. Secondly, my plan of action involved getting my self into more practical training sessions. I requested the authorities of the practicum to give me opportunities of observing more number of cases so that I can increase my confidence level. I also requested my mentor nurse to give me opportunity to attend to the patient needs practically to develop my confidence level. References Anderson, E., McFarlane, J. (2008).Community as partner. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bolton, G. (2010).Reflective practice. Los Angeles: Sage. Downing, R., Kowal, E. (2011). Putting Indigenous cultural training into nursing practice.Contemporary Nurse,37(1), 10-20. doi:10.5172/conu.2011.37.1.010 Fawcett, J. (1995).Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Fraher, A. (2002). Contemporary Nursing Culture Education and Practice Contemporary Nursing Culture Education and Practice.Nursing Standard,16(33), 29-29. doi:10.7748/ns2002.05.16.33.29.b67 Ndukwe, N. (2011). Research and publication: reflections on the research writing process during clinical psychology training and on writing for publication once qualified.Reflective Practice,12(1), 139-143. doi:10.1080/14623943.2011.541101 Norwood, S. (2010).Research essentials. Boston: Pearson. Obegi, J., Berant, E. (2010).Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: Guilford Press. Ussher, B., Chalmers, J. (2011). Now what? First year student teachers' reflective journal writing.Waikato Journal Of Education,16(3). doi:10.15663/wje.v16i3.38 Zyblock, D. (2010). Nursing Presence in Contemporary Nursing Practice.Nursing Forum,45(2), 120-124. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00173.x

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence part 1 Essay by LIA MARKEY This essay situates Giovanni Stradano’s engravings of the discovery of the Americas from the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta series within the context of their design in late sixteenthcentury Florence, where the artist worked at the Medici court and collaborated with the dedicatee of the prints, Luigi Alamanni. Through an analysis of the images in relation to contemporary texts about the navigators who traveled to the Americas, as well as classical sources, emblems, and works of art in diverse media—tapestry, print, ephemera, and fresco—the study argues that Stradano’s allegorical representations of the Americas were produced in order to make clear Florence’s role in the invention of the New World. Outline1 INTRODUCTION2   STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI3 SOURCES AT THE MEDICI COURT4 AMERICA UNVEILED INTRODUCTION We will write a custom essay on Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence part 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the late 1580s, nearly a century after the travels of Columbus and Vespucci, Giovanni Stradano (also known as Jan Van der Straet and Johannes Stradanus, 1523–1605) designed engravings in two print series representing the discovery of the New World. In the renowned prints navigators are fashioned as mythological heroes, and Stradano’s images suggest a fantasia, or dream, rather than a record of newsworthy events. The Americae Retectio series includes an elaborate frontispiece (fig. 1) and three prints (figs. 2–4) in chronological order that depict Christopher Columbus Giovanni Stradano, Frontispiece for the Americae Retectio series, late1580s. Engraving. Private collection. (1451–1506), Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512), and Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521).1 Two prints from Stradano’s Nova Reperta series similarly unite allegorical imagery with captions to portray Vespucci’s encounter with the New World (figs. 5 and 6).2 The Nova Reperta series includes nineteen prints, each representing a different invention or discovery of the recent centuries, ranging from the cure for syphilis to the production of silk.3 Stradano’s four Americae Retectio prints and these two Nova Reperta prints possess similar iconography, and all were dedicated to members of the Alamanni family and first printed by the Galle publishing house in the late 1580s and early 1590s. Giovanni Stradano, Columbus in the Americae Retectio series, late1580s. Engraving. Private collection. Since the late sixteenth century, Stradano’s prints depicting the Americas have been used as artistic sources by artists and printmakers, and more recently as illustrations for scholars writing about the interaction between the Old and New Worlds. The roles of both Stradano and the Alamanni in the creation of the prints have often been disregarded, and they are frequently solely attributed to the Flemish printmaker and publisher. In the early seventeenth century, the Northern printmaking family, the De Brys, reproduced the Americae Retectio series with few alterations, and the Stradano designs are therefore often mistakenly attributed to the De Brys.4 Since Michel de Certeau’s use of Stradano’s America image (fig. 5) from the Nova Reperta series on the frontispiece of his 1975 The Writing of History, Stradano’s prints and their reproductions by De Bry have served to illustrate Giovanni Stradano, Vespucci in the Americae Retectio series, late 1580s.Engraving. Private collection countless texts about the discovery of America and colonialism.5 Despite the popularity of the images, and the recent fascination with promoting Stradano’s America in particular as a representation of the colonial Other, the works have not been fully considered within the context in which they were produced, and even their complex iconography remains largely unexplored.6 Most recently, Michael Gaudio has called for a reevaluation of Stradano’s America in relation to ‘‘the very real space of the engraver’s Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio series, late Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio series, late 1580s. Engraving. Private collection. workshop where this print was made.’’7 Yet this print was conceived, not in the engraver’s workshop, but rather on Stradano’s page. The prints were repositories of factual and fictional information gathered by reading, speaking, and writing about these celebrated navigators among a circumscribed group of individuals in Florence. This study argues that the America print, along with Stradano’s five other New World images, must be examined together within the context of his circle. The first part of this study therefore establishes the cultural environment of the prints’ production in late sixteenth-century Florence. Examination of Stradano’s experience as a print designer and Medici court artist, and of Luigi Alamanni’s involvement in the Florentine Accademia degli Alterati, provides critical insight into the creation of these images.8 Stradano designed the prints around the time of Ferdinando de’ Medici’s (1549†“1609) 1588 accession as Grand Duke. Previously Stradano had been involved in the creation of allegorical paintings, ephemera, and cartography Giovanni Stradano, America in the Nova Reperta series, late 1580s. Engraving. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. for Medici propaganda under Ferdinando’s father, Grand Duke Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–74), and his brother, Grand Duke Francesco de’ Medici (1541–87). At the Medici court he would have encountered objects from, texts about, and images of the New World. Though the Medici were not involved in the colonization of the Americas, and they themselves were subsumed under the sovereignty of Spain, Grand Duke Ferdinando sought to strengthen cultural and economic ties with the New World during his reign. The second part of the essay closely examines the text and image of each print in relation to this milieu. Captions on the prints, chosen by the Alamanni, and Stradano’s inscriptions on the related preparatory drawings reveal specific sources for, and ideas behind, the conception of the images.9 Using the textual materials available about the New World and stimulated both by contemporary epic literature written about the navigators and by ancient sources such as Lucretius, Stradano produced allegorical images that borrow from emblems and imprese, court frescoes, festivals, tapestries, cartography, and other printed images. These other media provided an allegorical visual language that was familiar to sixteenthcentury viewers. The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta series, late 1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. width=581 height=425 /> Giovanni Stradano, The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta series, late1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library,Columbia University in the City of New York. media provided an allegorical visual language that was familiar to sixteenthcentury viewers. According to Jose ´ Rabasa, in Stradano’s prints and especially the America engraving, ‘‘newness is produced by means of discursive arrangements of more or less readily recognized descriptive motifs.’’10 These ‘‘descriptive motifs’’ to which Rabasa alludes are produced through the construction of complex allegorical narratives comprised of emblematic compositions that incorporate the representation of gods and navigators alongside personifications of the New World, fantastical monsters, hybrid creatures, and ancient gods. These discursive and anachronistic images would have seemed customary, and would have been comprehensible, to the prints’ late sixteenth-century audience. Yet as Sabine MacCormack has explained, there were ‘‘limits of understanding’’ in constructions of the New World, for images â⠂¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœdid not on their own lead to a significantly new perception of Greco-Roman antiquity or of the Americas.’’11 By framing the New World in recognizable allegorical imagery, Stradano’s engravings could declare the novel idea that the New World was a Florentine invention and patriotically revel in these discoveries.12 In his seminal study on mythology and allegory in the Renaissance, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, Jean Seznec writes that ‘‘basically, allegory is often sheer imposture, used to reconcile the irreconcilable.’’13 Indeed, these images do just that: theymake no reference to the Spanish, overtly connect the New World to Italy, and, with the figure of Vespucci in particular, highlight Florence’s role in the discovery. Fraught with temporal clashes between the old (pagan mythology) and the new (the discovery and invention of the Americas) the prints, disseminated throughout the world, made America part of Florence ’s history, even though in reality the New World played a small role in Florence’s past and present. This claim could be made only through the language of allegory because implicit in allegory lies fantasy and the notion that the representations are imaginary.   STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI As is common in sixteenth-century engravings, the captions on the prints make clear that their production was the result of a collaboration between the designer or inventor (Stradano), the printmaker and publisher (Galle and Collaert), and the dedicatee or patron (the Alamanni). A Flemish artist who began working at the Medici court sometime before 1554 first as cartoon designer for Grand Duke Cosimo’s new tapestry workshop and then as an artist under Giorgio Vasari (1511–74), Stradano was by the 1560s a relatively well-known independent artist living in Florence.14 He was an active member of the Accademia del Disegno and secured commissions for paintings and frescoes at the Medici court and also from private patrons and churches in Tuscany. Stradano was also involved in the production of several court festivals and weddings, and in the 1570s he worked briefly in Naples and in Flanders for John of Austria.15 The artist is best known for his large number of preparatory drawings for prints and tapestries that illustrate and document life at the Medici court, significant battles, hunts, as well as other current events, and religious subjects. Stradano established a partnership with the Galles, a family who ran a print publishing house in Antwerp, where most of his print designs, such as the engravings in these two series, were produced initially under Philips Galle (1537–1612).16 The family business was subsequently taken over by Philips Galle’s son, Theodor (1571–1633), and then his grandson Johannes (1600–76). Accordingly, the first two editions of the Americae Retectio prints cite Philips Galle as the printer and Philips’s son-in-law, Adriaen Collaert (1560–1618), as the engraver, while the second edition names Johannes Galle as the printer.17 Similarly, the first edition of the Nova Reperta series labels Philips Galle as the printer of the first edition, and then Theodor and Johannes Galle are credited with the two subsequent editions.18 A comparison between the engravings themselves and Stradano’s six finished preparatory drawings for the prints — five are in the Laurentian Library in Florence and the ‘‘America’’ print is housed in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (fig. 7) — makes clear that the Galles reproduced Stradano’s drawings with great precision and had little input into the content or style of the prints. They did, however, likely control when the prints would be published, how much they cost, and where they would be sold and distributed. Though little is known about the dissemination of the prints and though the prints are undated, a 1589 date on the Vespucci preparatory drawing in the Americae Retectio series (Laurentian Library) provides a d ate for Stradano’s drawings and suggests that the prints were produced soon after this time.19 It is believed that at least four editions of the Nova Reperta series were printed between 1591 and 1638, and that the Americae Retectio series was first printed in 1589 and then reissued in 1592 for the one-hundredth anniversary of Columbus’s discovery.20 Luigi (1558–1603) and Ludovico Alamanni are both cited as ‘‘noblemen of Florence’’ in the caption on the Americae Retectio frontispiece, but only America, late 1580s. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white, over black chalk. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image copyright  The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. width=614 height=464 /> Giovanni Stradano, America, late 1580s. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white, over black chalk. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image copyright  The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. Luigi is named on the Nova Reperta frontispiece.21 Gert Jan Van der Sman has pointed out that Stradano refers to Luigi Alamanni as the auctor intellectualis, or ‘‘intellectual advisor,’’ of many of his print designs in various inscriptions on preparatory drawings and sketches, and has considered Alamanni’s scholarship as a catalyst for many of Stradano’s designs.22 Luigi Alamanni commissioned other works by Stradano, such as a series of drawings of Dante’s Divine Comedy, a series illustrating Homer’s Odyssey, and some of the prints from a series representing different types of hunting.23 Most of the preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio prints and the drawings for the Dante series are today located in the same archival album of the Laurentian Library in Florence, indicating that they were conserved together by the Alamanni.24 The dates of the sheets, including the date on one of the American drawings, range from 1587 to 1 589, indicating that they were produced in Florence during this two-year period of time. The album is composed of fifty-six drawings: fifty illustrate canti from the Divine Comedy, four are preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio series, one is a preparatory drawing for the print of Vespucci and the astrolabe from the Nova Reperta series, and one is a preparatory drawing for the frontispiece for Stradano’s Calcius series — an unfinished series presumably dedicated to soccer.25 Alamanni wrote copious notes on Dante in this album, and perhaps even did some of the drawings in it, demonstrating that he was closely involved in the creation of Stradano’s images.26 He can also be credited with providing titles for the Dante drawings in the album, since his hand is visible on some of Stradano’s signed drawings. .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .postImageUrl , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:visited , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:active { border:0!important; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:active , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: European Renaissance ">That the preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio series and for the Vespucci ‘‘Astrolabe’’ print returned to Florence after they were engraved, and were placed together in the album with these important Dante drawings, demonstrates that they were considered to be important collectibles for the Alamanni. In 1587, when Alamanni and Stradano were producing the Dante drawings representing hell, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) presented two lectures to the Accademia Fiorentina on the ‘‘Shape, Site and Size of the Inferno of Dante.’’27 Thomas Settle proposes that the letters from Alamanni to Gal ileo from this period make clear that some of these illustrations in Alamanni’s album were created in conjunction with Galileo’s work, or that Galileo even had a hand in their design.28 The drawings of the navigators also include extensive notes, in Flemish and in Stradano’s hand, to the printmakers. Stradano wrote in the captions at the base of the drawings and added several explanatory notes in the margins in order to describe some of the iconography in the images to the printmakers.29 Therefore, these drawings included important notes and ideas of Galileo and Stradano that Alamanni felt were worthy of safekeeping. During the time in which Stradano was producing the preparatory drawings for the prints, Luigi Alamanni was an active member of the Accademia degli Alterati, a literary group for whom the discovery of the New World was a subject of inquiry. A smaller and more private academy in comparison with other Florentine Cinquecento academies, such as the Accademia Fiorentina and the Accademia della Crusca, the Accademia degli Alterati began in 1569 among a group of Florentine noblemen who met frequently to discuss theoretical and technical issues related to their own writing and to other authors, particularly ancient poets, as well as Dante, Ariosto, and Tasso.30 Members included individuals from prominent Florentine families, such as the Ricasoli, Neroni, Rucellai, Davanzati, and Albizzi. Two of the more famousmembers of the academy were Filippo Sassetti (1540–88), amerchant who traveled to India and whose letters from abroad are informative about India and the New World, and Giovanni Battista Strozzi (1551–1634), the author of both an epic poem about Vespucci and an elaborate Vespucci intermezzo for Prince Cosimo II de’Medici’smarriage celebration in 1608. In an undated document Strozzi wrote out a list of potential discussion topics for the Alterati: one of them included whether ‘‘the discovery of the Indies was damning or useful to our country.’’31 According to academy member Jacopo Soldani’s funeral oration for Alamanni, Luigi suggested that a poem be written about the navigator in order ‘‘to render more glorious his country.’’ Not coincidentally, Sassetti and Strozzi were writing about the Americas in the years just preceding Stradano’s design of these American prints for the Alamanni. Sassetti was an esteemedmember of the Academy before his travels around the world, and many of the letters that Sassetti wrote on his journey were sent to members of the group, such as Bernardo Davanzati, Pietro Vettori, Francesco Buonamici, and Strozzi.33 Although Sassetti does not write about his brief experience in America, some of his letters refer to the discoveries of Vespucci an d Columbus.34 In December 1585, Sassetti wrote passionately to his friend Michele Saladini, a Florentine merchant living in Pisa, of Columbus’s route and discovery, and then explained: ‘‘But to return to Columbus once more, I do not think that his glory was dictated by the action of the wind . . . and I in particular know this so much so that I have helped and urged our Tender one to write about it: a worthy work of such greatness and wonder as to compete with the story of Ulysses. ’’35 ‘‘Our Tender one’’ here is the Accademia degli Alterati’s pseudonym for Giovanni Battista Strozzi. The comment that Columbus’s story rivals Ulysses’s tale is intriguing, since Alamanni was involved with Stradano in producing an illustrated edition of Homer’s epic poem that never came to fruition. This citation from Sassetti’s letter clearly shows that already by 1585 Sassetti had contacted Strozzi about writing a poem about Columbus’s heroic travels. But Strozzi chose to write about Vespucci rather than Columbus.36 He likely began writing the poem in the mid-1580s, when he and Sassetti were obviously engaged in a discourse on the importance of writing about the Italian navigators.37 Strozzi could have also been influenced by Giulio Cesare Stella’s (1564–1624) epic poem about Columbus, and perhaps it was knowledge of Stella’s poem that provoked Strozzi to write of Vespucci inste ad of Columbus.38 In 1590, Il Colombeide (The Columbeis, 1589), Stella’s romantic text based on the writings of Gonzalo Ferna ´ndez de Oviedo y Valde ´s (1478–1557) and PeterMartyr d’Anghiera (1457–1526) and describing Columbus’s discovery and interaction with the natives, was sent to the Accademia degli Alterati.39 Certainly the Academy knew of Stella’s poem earlier, since it had already been published in a pirated version in London in 1585. Similar to Stella’s poem, Strozzi’s text about Vespucci boasts of the navigator’s Florentine origins and describes him as a mythological hero. The writings of Sassetti, Stella, and Strozzi, who were all involved in the Accademia degli Alterati, reveal that Alamanni and members of the Academy were discussing the accomplishments of Vespucci as well. That Luigi Alamanni wrote and read Sassetti’s funeral oration and that the two men exchanged letters, suggests that they were not only colleagues, but close friends as well.40 Stradano’s preparatory drawings for the prints were born out of these literary activities, which were related to the discovery of the New World as considered among the Alterati. SOURCES AT THE MEDICI COURT Stradano and Alamanni had other ways in which to gain information about the New World that might have provoked the production of these prints. Another Alamanni family member, Vincenzo di Andrea Alamanni (1537–91), had access to news about the Americas. From the late 1570s to the 1580s, he was an ambassador employed first by Grand Duke Francesco de’ Medici (1547–87) and then by Grand Duke Ferdinando de’ Medici to work at the Spanish court in Madrid, where he supplied information about imports from the Americas and sent updates about shipments being sent from Portugal to the Medici-controlled port at Livorno.41 It was Vincenzo Alamanni who was entrusted with the acquisition of Father Giovanni Pietro Maffei’s Historiarum indicarum (History of the Indies, 1588)—a book about the conversion and history of the natives of both the New World and Asia — on behalf of Grand Duke Ferdinando.42 Before defining the significance of Maffei’s text for Stradano, it is necessary to expand on Grand Duke Ferdinando’s cultural politics in relation to the Americas, since Stradano’s prints evoke the interests of the duke during this first year of his dukedom. In 1588, Ferdinando left his position as cardinal in Rome to become Grand Duke of Florence, following the sudden death of his brother Francesco. In Rome he had been an avid collector of American objects, such as featherwork and hammocks: more importantly, he became the custodian of an important manuscript about Mexico, the Historia general de las cosas de Nueva EspanËÅ"a (General History of the Things of New Spain), a codex written by the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagu ´n (1499–1590).43 This manuscript recording the history and nature of New Spain was banned by King Philip II and was likely entrusted to Ferdinando because he was cardinal protectorate of the Franciscan order and possessed an interest in the Americas. He brought these treasures to Florence and commissioned Ludovico Buti (1560–1611) to fresco American natives and a scene of the conquest of Mexico in his Armory, a space for entertaining visiting dignitaries. Though Ferdinando and his Medici predecessors had no concrete ties to the Americas, in subsequent years he would devote himself to the development of the port of Livorno and to the creation of a colony—or at least an outpost—in the New World.44 Ferdinando’s support of the publication of Maffei’s book on the land, people, and conversion of the New World and Asia was therefore relevant to both his political agenda and to his religious and cultural interests. The patronage of the book began during his cardinalship and the text was ultimately published in 1588 after he became Grand Duke and while Stradano was working on these print designs. Stradano refers to Maffei’s text in an inscription on the verso of the preparatory drawing for the â⠂¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœAmerica’’ print (fig. 5) for the Nova Reperta series.45 He writes with regard to one of the novel animals he portrayed in the drawing: ‘‘See volume II of the Bergomese Jesuit Pietro Maffei’s Historiarum Indicarum.’’46 Stradano used Maffei and other contemporary textual sources about the New World when designing the iconography of the prints in his Venationes (Animal Hunt) suite of 104 engravings, also printed by the Galle family, begun as early as 1570 and initially dedicated to the Medici.47 Several of the prints in the series depict natives in feather skirts and headdresses in idyllic landscapes, where they are seen procuring birds, animals, and pearls in great abundance and using novel means. For example, the print for the ‘‘American Indians catching geese with gourds’’ (fig. 8) illustrates an unusual style of hunting that was described in great detail in Oviedo’s De la natural hystoria de las Indias (Natural History of the Indies, 1526).48 These same Native Americans are also depicted in the scene of natives using pelicans to fish, a Chinese method of fishing with birds described in Maffei’s History.49 Stradano also used Jose ´ de Acosta’s (1539–1600) Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 1590) for his preparatory drawings for a never-produced print of ‘‘Indians smoking out animals.’’50 This was another unusual means of hunting in which Mexicans set fire to land in order to force animals out of hiding and then capture them.51 In comparison with the images of hunters in the Venationes series, Stradano’s New World representations in the Americae Retectio and the Nova Reperta appear fanciful. While many of the hunt prints are certainly imaginary, their subject matter and the series as a whole are more ethnographic in conception, endeavoring to portray realistic representations of different types of hunting throughout the world. By contrast, while perhaps also based on the writings of Maffei, Oviedo, and Giovanni Stradano, Indians Hunting for Geese with Gourds in theVenationes series, 1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book andManuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. de Acosta, the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta prints of the Americas neither reflect current events nor endeavor to portray the New World realistically. In this way, they are more similar to some of the allegorical paintings and cartography produced at the Medici court. As a member of the Accademia del Disegno in Florence and as a participant in Vasari’s workshop at the court, Stradano would have been continually confronted with the use of emblems and imprese in art.52 For instance, Stradano likely aided Vasari with the frescoes in the Sala degli Elementi in the Palazzo Vecchio from the late 1550s, which were commissioned by Duke Cosimo and employed imprese.53 Two of Vasari’s frescoed walls, like each of Stradano’s prints, feature a hero or god in the center of the composition acting out a narrative: Saturn is offered fruits on one wall and Venus rises from the sea (fig. 9) on the adjacent wall.54 In the waters surrounding these figures emblematic compositions — such as a symbol of abundance with her cornucopia (at left on the Saturn wall); a turtle with a sail alluding to one of Cosimo’s favorite mottos borrowed from Augustus, festina lente (‘‘make haste slowly,’’ at right on the Saturn wall); and a triton blowing into a shell, representing fame (at right on the Venus wall)—reveal different aspects of Medici power. Francesca Fiorani has shown how these emblematic frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio communicated Medici control over the cosmos in a similar way as the cartography produced at the court.55 Stradano himself made maps for the private rooms in the Palazzo Vecchio and was ce rtainly aware of the traditional use of allegory in cartography.56 .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .postImageUrl , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:visited , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:active { border:0!important; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:active , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Carolingian Renaissance EssayHe would have known well Egnazio Danti’s (1536–86) and Stefano Buonsignori’s (d. 1589) painted maps in Cosimo’s Guardaroba Nuova, a collection space comprised of cabinets decorated with different parts of the world, begun in 1563 and left unfinished in the 1580s.57 Here the artists-cartographers incorporated fantastic and mythological creatures in their stunningly accurate portrayals of different regions. In Stradano’s prints the visual morphology of allegory, as seen in Vasari’s frescoes and in maps produced at the Medici court, are united with knowledge about the New World acquired through circulating texts and news in order to convey a message regarding Florence’s propitious role in the Americas. AMERICA UNVEILED The frontispiece of Stradano’s Americae Retectio series serves to introduce this celebratory print series. It exhibits an elaborate mythology rejoicing inthe retectio, or discovery, of the Americas as an Italian endeavor. Giorgio Vasari, Cristofano Gherardi, and workshop, Birth of Venus,1555. Fresco. Florence, Sala degli Elementi, Palazzo Vecchio. Alinari/Art Resource,NY. the retectio, or discovery, of the Americas as an Italian endeavor. Though Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, is featured as the fourth print in this series, significantly, there is no reference to him or to his Portuguese origins on the frontispiece. In the frontispiece the gods Flora and her husband Zephyr (symbols of Florence), Janus and a pelican (a symbol for Genoa), and Oceanus (a symbol for sea travel) present a globe, while set within medallions at the top of the sheet are the two Italian navigators, Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. At the upper corners of the composition, other symbols for Florence and Genoa, namely, Mars and Neptune, ride chariots. Thus, Florence, Vespucci’s birthplace, is represented at left in the composition with images of Mars, Flora, and a portrait of Vespucci himself, while Genoa, Columbus’s birthplace, is represented at right with Neptune, Janus, and a portrait of Columbus. This entire scene floats above the waters off the west coast of Italy, allowing an Italocentric view of land at the bottom of the composition to highlight the cities of Florence and Genoa, again reminding the viewer of the origins of the navigators portrayed above. Stradano quite likely emulated another triumphant work of art when he designed this frontispiece.58 The organization of the composition of the Americae Retectio frontispiece print closely resembles a tapestry from The Spheres series produced in Brussels around 1530 for John III of Portugal (1502–57) and his new Habsburg wife Catherine of Austria (1507–78). These three tapestries, each featuring a sphere held by mythological figures and attributed to the design of Bernard van Orley (1491–1542), glorify the discoveries of the Portuguese navigators during a period in which Portugal was at the height of its mercantilist power, with possessions in both Asia and Africa.59 Jerry Brotton writes of the final tapestry in the series, representing earth held by Jupiter and Juno (fig. 10): ‘‘In one breathtaking visual conceit the globe visualizes claim to geographically distant territories, whilst also imbuing his claims with a more intangible access to esoteric cosmological power and authority reflected in the celestial iconography which surrounds the central terrestrial globe.’’60 As a Northern tapestry designer, Stradano could have known firsthand, or heard descriptions of, these renowned textiles. While he emulates the basic composition of Van Orley’s tapestry of Jupiter and Juno, he substitutes different gods and turns the globe upright to make the New World and Europe most prominent. In mimicking this propagandistic tapestry boasting of Portugal’s navigational and commercial prowess, Stradano usurped its message of power and glory on behalf of these two Italian navigators. Within the iconographic framework of Van Orley’s tapestry, Stradano in his print includes many more emblematic figures, as well as small details, portraits, and a map to emphasize Italy’s role in the discovery. Below the dove at the top of the print, navigational devices, namely a sextant and a compass, represent the tools the explorers used to make the journeys possible. The minuscule ships depicted on the globe represent Columbus’s and Vespucci’s voyages and are more subtle indicators of the travels of the two navigators. The frontispiece also recalls preparatory drawings for, and commemorative prints of, ephemeral events at the Medici court. The images of the two gods aboard chariots recall the floats that were paraded down the Arno or in the Pitti Palace courtyard in Medici festivals, as well as wedding celebrations, such as the boats and seascape scenes used in the 1579 wedding between Grand Duke Francesco and Bianca Cappello (1548–87) (fig. 11), and in the Attributed to the design of Bernard Van Orley, The Earth Protectedby Jupiter and Juno, 1530s. Tapestry. Madrid, Palacio Real. intermezzo for the 1589 celebration for Ferdinando’s wedding.61 For the drapery held by Flora and Janus, Stradano might have also looked to triumphal arches in public Florentine processions, where pagan gods would flank a coat-of-arms and drapery was used as decoration on arches and on the facades of churches for special events. As a court artist who worked on the production teams of various Medici festivals and public events, Stradano Artist unknown, Parade boat for the wedding of Francesco I de’ Medici to Bianca Cappello in Raffaello Gualterotti, Feste delle nozze del serenissimo Don Francesco Medici Duca di Toscana et della serenissima sua consorte Bianca Cappello. Florence, 1579. Woodcut. Spencer Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. width=590 height=425 /> Artist unknown, Parade boat for the wedding of Francesco I de’Medici to Bianca Cappello in Raffaello Gualterotti, Feste delle nozze del serenissimoDon Francesco Medici Duca di Toscana et della serenissima sua consorte BiancaCappello. Florence, 1579. Woodcut. Spencer Collection, The New York PublicLibrary, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. would have been quite familiar with this style of representation and its triumphal intent. The portraits of the two navigators within the medallions at the top of the image, combined with the blatant omission of Magellan, are perhaps the most overtly Italianist aspects of the print. For the portrait of Vespucci, Stradano likely copied a dubious portrait of the navigator painted by Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–94) in a fresco of the Madonna della Misericordia in the family chapel in Ognissanti church in Florence (fig. 12). It is not certain whether the figure at the far left in the Ghirlandaio fresco that recalls Stradano’s portrait actually represents Amerigo Vespucci, especially since Vespucci, who in the fresco looks to be an adult, would have been an adolescent when the fresco was painted in the 1470s. But Vasari’s having written in his Le Vite delle piu` eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori (The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Archi tects, 1550) that the navigator was represented in the fresco, demonstrates that among sixteenth-century Florentines it was thought to be a true likeness of Domenico Ghirlandaio, Madonna della Misericordia, 1470s. Fresco. Florence, Vespucci chapel in Ognissanti church. Scala/Art Resource, NY. the explorer.62 Stradano reuses this same profile of Vespucci wearing a late fifteenth-century style hat in all of his representations of the navigator in his other prints.63 Stradano’s portrait of Columbus was most certainly based on the portrait of the navigator first produced for Paolo Giovio’s (1483–1552) portrait museum and then reproduced both in Paolo Giovio’s Elogia virorum bellica virtute illustrium (Praise of Men Illustrious for Courage in War, 1575) (fig. 13) and in a portrait within the Medici collection.64 This portrait type became the standard iconography for Columbus, and can be seen in many other portraits of the navigator, both painted and in print.65 Stradano used the most well-known images of the explorers to make them easily recognizable to his viewers. With their names and origins inscribed around their likenesses, the medallions in Stradano’s print recall commemorative numismatics and endow these likenesses with antique grandeu r. The spatially manipulated map of the Tuscan and Ligurian coast at the very bottom of the image makes clear that the discovery of the New World began from the northwestern coast of Italy, specifically from the navigators’ hometowns, Florence and Genoa. Here the west coast of Italy is reoriented so that it is featured at the base of the page. Though Florence is actually a good distance from the coast, it is depicted prominently at the lower left of the map with an entire cityscape, quite close to the water’s edge and framing the view of the coast. The Medici port of Livorno is also highlighted at the left with an image of a Medici fortress. Other important port towns are labeled and illustrated similarly with recognizable buildings. Genoa marks the very center of the map and is a larger coastal town in comparison with smaller towns labeled Cogoreto, Albizola, Savona. Cogoreto and Savona are included on the map likely because Oviedo wrote that Columbus might have been from one of these towns outside of Genoa.66 By reorienting Columbus’s and Vespucci’s birthplaces on the map, Stradano appoints these Italian cities as the starting points for the discovery of the New World. Stradano’s distorted map closely resembles Egnazio Danti’s map of Liguria in his frescoes in the Vatican (fig. 14) painted from 1580 to 1581, indicating either that the two one-time Medici court artists used the same source to depict the coast or that Stradano knew Danti’s frescoes in Rome.67 Within Danti’s map a detail of Neptune in a chariot leading an allegory of Columbus holding a compass includes tritons, fantastical sea creatures, and Tobias Stimmer, Columbus, in Paolo Giovio, Elogia Virorum BellicaVirtute Illustrium, Basel, 1575. Woodcut. Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D.Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. a banner stating, ‘‘Christopher Columbus of Liguria: Discoverer of the New World’’ (‘‘Christophorur Columbus Ligur. Novi Orbis Repertor’’). The use of allegory and inscription in Danti’s cartography are in the same vein as Stradano’s allegory of Genoa both in the frontispiece and in the Columbus print. Danti’s and Stradano’s maps — with their manipulated westward view of the coast of Italy, heroic representation of Columbus, and boastful Latin inscriptions — reveal the way in which cartography and allegory were used as cultural propaganda. Though Stradano is credited for the design of the image on the frontispiece, it was likely the literary scholar Alamanni who chose the Egnazio Danti, Liguria, 1580. Fresco. Vatican, Gallery of Maps. Scala/Art Resource, NY. erudite Latin inscription for the caption below the image.68 The print’s caption includes the characteristic signature of the artist and printmaker at left and the dedication to the ‘‘noble Alamanni brothers’’ at right. Both the preparatory drawing and the print include an interrogative title in the center between the artist’s signature at left and the patrons’ names at right: ‘‘QUIS POTIS EST DIGNUM POLLENT PECTORE CARMEN CONDERE PRO RERUM MAIESTATE, HISQUE REPERTIS?’’, which translates as: ‘‘Who is able to compose a song worthy of a powerful heart on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered?’’ These Latin words are the first lines from book 5 of Titus Lucretius Carus’s (99–55 BCE) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) written in the first century BCE. By the sixteenth century the De Rerum Natura was available in several printed editions and was scrutinized within literary circles both as a significant scientific treatise and as a work of great poetry that was thought to have inspired Virgil.69 The De Rerum Natura likely formed part of the readings and discussion of the members of the Accademia degli Alterati, who were at this time emulating the epic poetic form of Virgil.70 Lucretius’s discussion of technology and invention could have likewise shaped Alamanni’s conception of both of Stradano’s print series, documenting the new inventions and discoveries of early modern man. The last lines of book 5 of Lucretius, in particular, describe the idea of progress in a manner that recalls the prints in the Nova Reperta series: Ships, farms, walls, laws, arms, roads, and all the rest, Rewards and pleasures, all life’s luxuries, Painting, and song, and sculpture — these were taught Slowly, a very little at a time, By practice and by trial, as the mind Went forward searching. Time brings everything Little by little to the shores of light By grace of art and reason, till we see All things illuminate each other’s rise Up to the pinnacle of loftiness. Like Lucretius, whose poem lists the various new inventions of his time, Stradano’s Nova Reperta prints each represent a different result of progress in the sixteenth century, illustrating many of the examples that Lucretius cites, including ships, arms, and painting. Lucretius’s discussion of early man is also intriguing with regard to Stradano’s prints because it corresponds with many sixteenth-century descriptions of the people of the New World: People did not know, In those days, how to work with fire, to use The skins of animals for clothes; they lived In groves and woods, and mountain-caves †¦ Relying on their strength and speed, they’d hunt The forest animals by throwing rocks Or wielding clubs — there were many to bring down. The idea of the unclothed noble savage who hunts wild animals with a club is here described in Lucretius in a similar way that many sixteenth-century sources described the New World native, and like Stradano depicts the native in many of his hunt prints. For instance, Alison Brown has shown that Vespucci’s writings about the New World ‘‘were interpreted within the conceptual framework of Lucretius’’ in early sixteenth-century Florence.73 Though written in the first century BCE, the De Rerum Natura must have appeared shockingly modern and comprehensible to these sixteenth-century scholars who were considering new inventions and discoveries, and trying to comprehend progress and this previously unknown land often equated with antiquity. Lucretius’s evocative question used in the caption — ‘‘who is able to compose a song worthy of a powerful heart on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered?’’ — could have also been understood as a literal challenge to poets contemporaneously writing about the discovery. Perhaps the caption even alludes to Stella’s Columbeidos and Strozzi’s text about Vespucci’s journey. Here Stradano has not chosen to write a song, but has rather designed images ‘‘on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered.’’ By referring to this other medium, the song or poem, within his own engraving, Stradano has commented on the paragone debate between the different arts, and has shown that the print is the ‘‘worthy’’ medium for depicting this ‘‘majesty.’’ The following three prints in the series thus represent visual prin ted songs dedicated to each discoverer.

Spanish-American War Essay Example

Spanish Spanish-American War Paper Spanish-American War Paper The Spanish-American War was a relatively short war, it lasted less than four months. Aggressions took place between April 25 and August 12, 1898. The United States fought Spain in and around the Spanish colonial possessions of Cuba and the Philippines. The United States had deep historical and emotional reasons to support the cause of Cuban Independence. The Spanish-American War marked the beginning of the United States rise as a leading military power. The United States Navy defeated the Spanish in both the Cuban theater and in the Philippines. The Spanish General during this war was Valeriano Butcher Weyler y Nicolau. Weyler aroused great indignation in the United States because of his ruthlessness. Weyler was responsible for the death of thousands of Cuban peasants. The peasants died of starvation and disease in concentration camps after being placed there by General Weyler and his troops. The Cubans fought to gain independence from Spain after suffering under oppressive Spanish rule and failure of the Spanish to grant promised reforms. The Spanish government sent over 100 thousand troops to Cuba in an attempt to put an end to the rebellion. It was at this time that General Butcher Weyler went Cuba and began his concentration camps. Because of General Weylers unpopularity in the United States the Spanish government removed him from Cuba. The Cubans continued to fight for independence. The United States sent a battleship, the USS Maine, to Cuba to protect U.S. citizens and property on the island. The Maine was destroyed in the Havana Harbor by an underwater explosion some believed to be a Spanish torpedo. Two hundred and sixty-six American soldiers were killed in the explosion. The loss of the Maine provoked many Americans to support war against Spain. President McKinley was against a declaration of war, but eventually was persuaded to follow the de!The United States se

The Story of an Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Story of an Hour - Essay Example To Mrs. Mallard, this was a bending of her wills that she did not agree with. If one looks closely at the relevance of the aforementioned heart trouble of the main character, it could be seen that the issue in the marriage is the real heart trouble and not the physical condition of the character. After Mrs. Mallard’s emotional period, she went to her room alone and was met by an â€Å"open window and comfortable, roomy armchair where she sank.† The room is a representation of the private thoughts of Mrs. Mallard where no one entered except her, a condition she was forced to be in because if she told other people, she might be dubbed as rebellious or could be seriously misunderstood. The roomy armchair could portray how comfortably Mrs. Mallard could be with herself, looking honestly into her desires without any condemnation so that she freely thought of all the freedom she could enjoy now that her husband is dead. The open window represents what the character considers as her way of escape from the marriage that â€Å"bent her

Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality - Essay Example This bill required the California Department of health services to adopt stipulated regulations that established the minimum nurse to patient ratios in hospitals. This came as a response to the numerous concerns raised about patient safety as the dynamics of healthcare became more complex and hence resulting into a shortage of nurses in the late 1990s (Donaldson and Shapiro, 2010). The minimum staffing requirements set in place aimed to improve the quality of healthcare and patient safety as well as aiming to retain and acquire more nurses by improving the conditions of their working environment. As required by the law, the California Department of Health Services requires hospitals that provide acute care to maintain the minimum nurse to patient ratios. The stipulated ratios vary by unit ranging from 1:1 ratio in operating rooms, and 1:2 intensive care units, neonatal intensive units and critical care, as well as in post-anesthesia recovery and labor delivery. Further, the ratio is 1:4 in ante-partum and post-partum, emergency room and pediatric care and the emergency rooms. Its 1:6 on psychiatric units. In general, regular hospital units have a 1:5 ratio (Aiken et.al. 2010). In the subsequent years after the California law took effect, nurses became very optimistic about the stipulated ratios. According to the California Nurses Association, the ratio law has been a large success as demonstrated by a large increase in the number of registered nurses licensed in California. Moreover, there has been a reduction in the rate of nurse turnover as a result of better job satisfaction. In addition, it has been observed to improve patient safety and hence helped to save more lives and provided nurses with a platform to advocate for their patients (Cook et.al. 2012). However, in spite of these positive observations, hospitals are still not convinced especially in the absence of tangible evidence that the ratios set out actually improve the care provided by the nurses an d reduce errors. A study conducted in 2002, two years before the law was implemented provided shocking findings. It showed that when a nurse is assigned four patients under his/her care, the risk of patient death rises by 7% for each additional patient assigned. The legislation which was signed into law in 1999 took effect on 1st January 2004 giving hospitals five years to implement the required changes. Contrary to the positive expectations after implementation, various problems that make the implementation process difficult to implement have been observed. A key limitation being that it requires continuous compliance with the ratio which means that the number of patients under the care of each nurse should not exceed the stipulated number at any one point in time during their shifts in any particular unit. So if a nurse has to use a restroom, then the law provides for him to reassign his/her patients to another nurse. Despite these minor setbacks in the implementation process, the requirements set out by the legislation have been observed to have a positive effect on the working environment of the nurses. This positive effect can be demonstrated by the increase in the

Breaking the hourglass (Evaluating time management’s importance) Essay Example for Free

Breaking the hourglass (Evaluating time management’s importance) Essay Time management, according to Marc Mancini (2003), is organizing one’s time in such a way that he or she will be more fulfilled, more confident, less stressed and less frustrated about his or her life dealings. Mancini (2003) pointed out the importance of managing time especially in this fast-paced environment where twenty fours hours is no longer enough for a day. How an individual manages his or her time is analogous to how he or she handles his or her life. Now that globalization has set in, time management is no longer an individualistic concern. Through the years, various business organizations have readily launched programs and trainings that would address time management problems. This situation can be attributed to the fact that efficient time utilization increases one’s productivity and has been instrumental in improving â€Å"service delivery (Politt, 2008).† Brooks and Schofield (1996) also implied that time management contributes to successful â€Å"product developments.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another importance of time management can be observed in balancing critical life endeavors to achieve one’s goals (Harvard Business School, 2005). It is a discipline of controlling one’s life through efficient allocation of time (Harvard Business School, 2005). When personal goals are achieved, this translates to satisfaction and high performance. This is most especially true as for the case of many employees who are constantly exposed to stressful and pressure-driven working environments. Time management can therefore aid executives in helping their subordinates realize and attain their personal goals via creating more flexible yet highly productive working arrangements and setting good examples (Line, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darryl Davis (2003) also asserted that time management is more of an attitude-related issue than plain technical task. Time management is an issue of one’s willingness to utilize time more efficiently. It is a matter of creating concrete decisions in terms of prioritizing tasks and establishing attainable work schedules. With this regard, effective time management and positive outlook enable employees to experience a balanced life (Davis, 2003). Business companies, in return, can maximize their potentials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruth Klein (2005) also supported Davis’ contentions, stating that balancing priorities requires full determination to execute all the planned changes. These changes should be then incorporated in a serious time management effort (Klein, 2005). Time is so precious that if one is able to spend his or her time wisely through effective and efficient time management, it is as same as keeping gold bars in a vault. They say time is gold, but the truth is time is life itself. People live their lives by the ticking of the clock. Time also determines the success and failures of many companies. Under this context, time presents a double-edged sword. It can be an asset and at the same time, a liability. Therefore, it is highly important for individuals and business organizations alike to establish efficient time management. Time management ensures that tasks are properly executed. Likewise, this also contributes to achieving balance in one’s professional and personal endeavors. Reference List Brooks, B. and Schofield, N. (1996). Time-to-market: time equals money—but where does it   Ã‚   all go?. World Class Design to Manufacture. 2 (6), 4 Harvard Business School (2005). Time management: increase your personal productivity and    effectiveness. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishing. Davis, D. (2003). How to become a power agent in real estate. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc. Klein, R. (2005). Time management secrets for working women: getting organized to get the most out of each day. Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. Line, M (2002). How Should Managers Spend Their Time? Part 2. Library Management. 23   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1./2), 101-102 Politt, D. (2008). ISS rises to the challenge of effective HR Management. Human Resource   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management International Digest. 16 (2), 34-35 Mancini, M. (2003). Time Management. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc.

The Cowardly Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter:   The Cowardly and Weak Dimmesdale    In the book The Scarlet Letter, the character Reverend Dimmesdale, a very religious man, committed adultery, which was a sin in the Puritan community. Of course, this sin could not be committed alone. His partner was Hester Prynne. Hester was caught with the sinning only because she had a child named Pearl. Dimmesdale was broken down by Roger Chillinsworth, Hester Prynne’s real husband, and by his own self-guilt. Dimmesdale would later confess his sin and die on the scaffold. Dimmesdale was well known by the community and was looked up to by many religious people. But underneath his religious mask he is actually the worst sinner of them all. His sin was one of the greatest sins in a Puritan community. The sin would eat him alive from the inside out causing him to become weaker and weaker, until he could not stand it anymore. In a last show of strength he announces his sin to the world, but dies soon afterwards. In the beginning Dimmesdale is a weak, reserved man. Because of hi s sin his health regresses more and more as the book goes on, yet he tries to hide his sin beneath a religious mask. By the end of the book he comes forth and tells the truth, but because he had hidden the sin for so long he is unable to survive. Dimmesdale also adds suspense to the novel to keep the reader more interested in what Reverend Dimmesdale is hiding and his hidden secrets. Therefore Dimmesdale’s sin is the key focus of the book to keep the reader interested. Dimmesdale tries to cover up his sin by preaching to the town and becoming more committed to his preachings, but this only makes him feel guiltier. In the beginning of the story, Dimmesdale is described by these words; â€Å"His eloquence and religious fervor had already given earnest of high eminence in his profession.†(Hawthorne,44). This proves that the people of the town looked up to him because he acted very religious and he was the last person that anyone expected to sin. This is the reason that it was so hard for him to come out and tell the people the truth. Dimmesdale often tried to tell the people in a roundabout way when he said â€Å"†¦though he (Dimmesdale) were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty heart through life.

Stress and Coping

The psychosocial theory of stress and coping is of the utmost importance to patient care and recovery. It has been found that among other things, stress can affect the rate of wound healing, susceptibility to infectious diseases, and the development and progression of cancer (Walker et al, 2007). The nurse plays an integral role in the management and alleviation of patients’ stress, and can provide valuable mechanisms to aid in the process of coping with the stressor. Stress is a concept, not a fact, and is best described by using a theoretical model (Walker et al, 2007). One of these models is the Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping. It suggests that stress can be reduced by interventions that make the person think differently about the stressor, or that a person’s perception of their ability to cope with the stressor can be changed (Glanze et al, 2008). In the text to follow, it will demonstrate how nursing care has benefited from the application of this theoretical model, and how particular nursing care interventions can help change patients’ perspective of certain stressors, and their ability to cope with the stressor. The entire family, not just the patient experiences the stresses associated with a family member being hospitalized (Lewis et al, 1989). By involving the family in a patient’s care regime it can change the person’s perspective of their ability to cope, by providing a support network, and can help alleviate not only the patient’s stress, but the stress of the family too. The nurse needs to understand what family means to the patient. It might not be traditional, for example related by blood, or married. Patient care should be planned with the family in mind, and families should be made aware of what the care plan is. This way they are better equipped to support the patient (Lewis et al, 1989).

Different Opinions on Wether or not the Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1256 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Lowering The Drinking Age Essay Did you like this example? Thesis: Binge drinking is a major problem in todays society, and some would argue that it is because of the legal drinking age; today, I would like to explore two opinions on lowering the legal drinking age in order to understand this issue more. Introduction: [Attention-Getter] Each year, more than 4,300 minors die due to heavy drinking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Opinions on Wether or not the Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered" essay for you Create order The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism states that 5.1 million people ages twelve to twenty admit to having binged on alcohol at least one time within the past month. One in twenty-five college students share that they have consumed fifteen or more drinks within a two week period (Newport Academy 2017). For those who dont know, one drink is defined as (Buddy T 2018) Twelve ounces of beer Five ounces of wine One and a half ounces of hard liquor [Reveal topic and relate to audience] The current legal drinking age is twenty-one, but there have been discussions about reducing that age. As college students, this issue affects us directly as we have all been exposed to alcohol wether it be from a firsthand experience or not. [Establish credibility] At our age, and in the college environment, Im sure that we all have some basic knowledge of the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption among our peers. [Thesis and Preview] Binge drinking is a major problem in todays society, and some would argue that it is being caused by the United States legal drinking age; today, I would like to explore two opinions on lowering the legal drinking age in order to understand this issue more. Signpost: First, we will take a look at some arguments in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one. Body Around 1986, the federal government required all states to have an MLDA, or minimum legal drinking age (Toomey 2009). By 1988, every state had begun enforcing a minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one (Toomey 2009). A lot of states had to go through major processes in order to change this law. Changing the MLDA is a long, strenuous process. This is one reason that people argued not to lower it again. To better understand this argument, I will be using Michigan as a specific example. When Michigan made their MLDA twenty-one, there was a lot of backlash. Michigan then came back with two arguments (Toomey 2009). The first argument that they presented was that this new law would be extremely beneficial to public safety. When the drinking age was lower, there was a spike in automobile accidents among eighteen to twenty year olds. They had done a lot of research in order to find that underage drinking and highway crashes were directly related. This resulted in them using the MLDA as a defense against crashes. While some may believe that normalizing drinking at a younger age could help educate minors on how to drink responsibly, many people believe that it will only increase the frequency of consumption. The second argument, was that drinking alcohol is not a protected right in the constitution. This is why they believed that it was not immoral to change the legal age. Americans are extremely protective of their rights, which is why some people thought that it is only right that they be able to control their own drinking habits; however, this is not a guaranteed right in the U.S. constitution. According to Andrew Plunk, there was an argument that lowering the drinking age would only make drinking more dangerous for kids who are not in college. By lowering the drinking age, college students would be able to legally drink, which would only make it more dangerous for people who still arent old enough. While some people currently believe that the MLDA makes it dangerous for college students, it is being argued that by lowering it, we will be putting high school and middle school students at risk (Martinez 407-410). Studies have shown that the minors who are fighting to get the drinking age lowered are those who are heavy users and at risk (Martinez 407-410). This could mean that they are only looking for a more convenient way to drink alcohol. Transition: Now that we have explored one perspective, why dont we begin looking at arguments in favor of lowering the drinking age. There are also many people arguing that lowering the legal drinking age may be just what we need in order to keep our societys youth safe. In the U.S., thirty-one percent of automobile accidents are alcohol related. This is much higher than European countries who enforce an MLDA below twenty-one (procon.org 2016). A 2016 study showed that 20% of their high school subjects had gotten into a car where the driver had been consuming alcohol . The other argument is that the drinking age encourages bad drinking habits (Anderson 2016). This includes binge drinking. Binge drinking is a huge issue among college students (Wechsler and Nelson 986). Before going to a party, minors will consume large amounts of alcohol in a very short period of time in order to feel the effects without worrying about getting caught in possession of alcohol. This greatly increases the possibility of alcohol poisoning, There are an average of about six deaths every day caused by alcohol poisoning (Newport Academy 2017). The final argument that I will cover is the argument that being eighteen makes you a legal adult in every other part of society (Anderson 2016). It is a popular opinion that if you have the right to vote, get married, join the army, etc., you should be able to decide if/how you would like to consume alcohol. Having such serious rights as the ones I just listed cause people to believe they are more than capable enough to make a decision about alcohol consumption. One popular argument that I came across, was that if we are mature enough to make political decisions and have a say in such large issues, then we should be mature enough to make a decision that will only affect our bodies (Anderson 2016). Now that we have explored these two perspectives, I would like to invite you all to join me in a discussion about what we just heard. Dialogue Questions If lowered, what age should it be lowered to? Would anybodys lives be changed drastically by a lowering of the legal drinking age? Does anyone agree that drinking could be safer if the legal age is lowered? Is there a way to keep the MLDA at twenty-one, while also keeping minors aware of the dangers of binge drinking? How? According to a 2009 study, heavy drinking rates were very high on college campuses. However, they only asked minors. How do you think the results would differ if they had asked people of all ages? What are your opinions on the fact that only heavy drinkers were arguing to lower the legal drinking age? Conclusion [Signal End] As we have learned today, [Review] The minimum legal drinking age in the United States can cause a lot of tension and disagreement We have explored the perspective of those who would like the MLDA to stay at twenty-one, and we also looked at those who would like to lower it. I hope that after what I shared with you, and the discussion that we had, you will be able to make a personal decision on wether or not you think that the legal drinking age should be lowered. Insert some information from class discussion. [Closing Line] I now encourage you to go out into the world and make responsible choices and remember what we have learned today.